The importance of Hebraic studies as part of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment debate can hardly be overestimated. The question of the authority of the Books of Scripture forced intellectuals in England to revisit the language of the Old Testament text. The agenda of the Hutchinsonians here was to highlight the Old Testament's Trinitarian elements, as they saw them. The controversy over the etymology of the word Elahim illustrated that the Hutchinsonians were the young Turks of orthodoxy in the fight between fideism (...) and rationalism. It also demonstrated the problem the Hutchinsonians represented for those who would otherwise be their Trinitarian allies. (shrink)

SummaryThe Fair Intellectual Club was the earliest female intellectual sociability on record in Britain in the eighteenth century. A study of the club provides insights into the motivations for founding such a society. The reading list of the club contains some twenty pamphlets on a variety of subjects including the education of both sexes, friendship and moral issues. The particular question in mind while assessing these materials will be, as far as this club is concerned, what kind of philosophical understanding (...) of sociability inspired these ladies. The Fair Intellectual Club also provides a platform for discussion of questions about the identity, the responsibility, and the gender of learned persons, in addition to their role as active agents in the production of knowledge in the eighteenth century. (shrink)

An examination of the Oxford group of the followers of John Hutchinson , the self-taught Hebrew scholar, natural philosopher and cosmologist, provides insights into the change in the movement that bears his name. Hutchinsonians who studied at Oxford, like George Horne , William Jones and Alexander Catcott , first adopted Hutchinson's ideas in much the same uncompromising form as the earliest followers of Hutchinson had done. However, later on, we see an effort by members of this Oxford group to moderate (...) the profile of the movement. They gradually developed a sense of the need to embrace a more generalised orthodoxy instead of pursuing at all costs their own esoteric defence of the Trinity. They also began to soften what had been their sometimes patronising, sometimes aggressive attitudes to those not convinced of Hutchinson's brilliance and sufficiency. The realisation among this Oxford group that a full-blooded Hutchinsonian system was on the margins of orthodox thinking led them to develop a more integrated approach which arguably contributed to the gradual breakdown of Hutchinsonianism as a coherent body of thought. (shrink)

A study of the Hutchinsonian interests of John Wesley shows that the founder of Methodism over a long period had a recurrent engagement with this predominantly High-Church Anglican combination of Physics and Theology. The argument of this paper is that Wesley had several reasons to take an interest in Hutchinsonianism. Firstly, Wesley was dissatisfied with the systematisation of Newtonian Cosmology, in the form of Newtonianism, in its ambitions to be a scientific paradigm that tried to explain everything in its own (...) terms. Hence Hutchinsonianism seemed to Wesley a promising alternative, and a refreshing approach to Natural Philosophy. What also interested him was the Hutchinsonian approach to biblical interpretation, heavily based on the unpointed Hebrew text of the Old Testament. By throwing into question the conventionally accepted vowel-pointing of the Old Testament text, Hutchinson and his followers had potentially opened up a rich vein for reinterpretation. While Wesley, in general, questioned a scriptural monopoly over cosmology, he was at the same time a Lockean sensationalist who believed that the human capacity to attain any kind of knowledge, let alone divine knowledge, was limited, thereby leaving an important role for the written divine revelation contained in the bible. Lastly, although Hutchinsonianism appealed mostly to certain High Church Anglicans, its attractions did extend across boundaries between different forms of Anglicanism and even to different denominations, because in many ways these different groups had common philosophical concerns in the eighteenth century. Wesley's constant evocation of Hutchinsonian teachings throughout his life, which will be illustrated through an investigation of his correspondence, journals and published works, stemmed from his struggle to negotiate his understanding of the cosmos and of the Old Testament's account of it, and from his perception that Hutchinsonian ideas represented a similar effort. ☆ A preliminary version of the paper was read at An International Conference at the University of Manchester on John Wesley: Life, Legend and Legacy 15–18 June 2003. (shrink)

I am most grateful to Elizabeth Anderson (2000), Philip Pettit (2000) and Thomas Scanlon (2000) for making such insightful and penetrating comments on my work and the related literature. I have reason enough to be happy, having been powerfully defended in some respects and engagingly challenged in others. I must also take this opportunity of thanking Martha Nussbaum, for not only chairing the session in which these papers were presented followed by a splendid discussion (which she led), but also for (...) taking the initiative, in the first place, to arrange the session. (shrink)

In the present study, we tested the idea that emotions are afforded to the extent that they benefit central cultural concerns. We predicted that emotions that are beneficial for the Turkish concern for defending honour (both anger and shame) are afforded frequently in Turkey, whereas emotions that are beneficial for the Japanese concern for keeping face (shame but not anger) are afforded frequently in Japan. N = 563 students from Turkey and Japan indicated how frequently people in their culture experience (...) a range of interpersonal anger and shame situations, and how intense their emotions would be. As predicted, participants perceived emotional interactions to occur frequently to the extent that they elicited culturally beneficial emotions. Moreover, the affordance of culturally beneficial emotions differed in predictable ways not only between cultures but also within cultures between situations with close vs. distant others and male vs. female protagonists. (shrink)

It has always been a matter of curiosity what kind of information art, which is far from ordinary and untouchable, provides people. Confronting a person with an art object means looking at the window of a world different from the world of daily routines, with his head stuck out. We can describe this world as magical in a romantic way. This magic arises from the difference in the functioning of perception, interpretation and judgment processes, which the person confronted with an (...) art object has difficulty in explaining to himself from time to time. Because the acquisition of perception in the world of routines and the acquisition of perception from the art object are different in terms of the functioning of mental processes... (shrink)

Today, humanity is trying to turn the artificial intelligence that it produces into natural intelligence. Although this effort is technologically exciting, it often raises ethical concerns. Therefore, the intellectual ability of artificial intelligence will always bring new questions. Although there have been significant developments in the consciousness of artificial intelligence, the issue of consciousness must be fully explained in order to complete this development. When consciousness is fully understood by human beings, the subject of “free will” will be explained. Therefore, (...) human consciousness should be re-examined and perceptions that we are not aware of from a philosophical point of view should be examined. The relevance of the perceptions we do not realize to the unconscious, and finally the impact on consciousness goes back to the sources of philosophy. Hegel, in particular, we may find information about these perceptions unusual. Consciousness cannot be separated from the unconscious. Consciousness should be rethought in the context of memory models and unconscious in this sense. Seeing how Hegel's human cognition acts, especially in Hegel's perception, raises the unconscious question again. If we expect something different from an artificial intelligence, we need to rethink the artificial cognitive model. This paper argues that without the unconscious component of artificial intelligence, it cannot approach human cognition. -/- Key Words: Artificial Intelligence, Creativity, Memory, perception . (shrink)

An aesthetic object should be understood and analyzed by the subject in accordance with its object characteristics, except that it is the subject of the subject. In this sense, the aesthetic object, rather than just an object, has all the cognitive characteristics of its artist. The aesthetic subject faces these cognitive characteristics. The perception-perception structure of the subject and the reciprocity relation with the object are examined in this thesis study in order to perceive the aesthetic object correctly and to (...) judge about it. This study is also a study of what the subject can perceive in terms of their perception and interpretation abilities. Additionally, such an approach will enrich the perception-based aesthetic perspectives in the focus of discussions in the philosophy of art. (shrink)

The aesthetic creation experience surpasses the regular known form of aesthetic subject-object relationship. It is unfortunately not sufficient to approach the problem in terms of sustaining subject and/or object side in this relation. However, the classical explanation of arts consider the relation according to one-sided approach(es). It is known that the fundamental approaches of aesthetics in the history of philosophy can be reduced to epistemological, ontological or ethical divisions. The contemporary approaches in aesthetics are in need of psychological theories as (...) much as they require philosophical holistic outlook. (shrink)

Since its existence, art objects have always been different from other objects in terms of perception and interpretation and have preserved their mystery for both the artist and the audience. This mystery was tried to be supported by various theories by the artist and the audience, and defined and defined with concepts such as spiritual development, spirituality and intuition. There is an ambiguity especially regarding intuition. The concept of intuition seems to be trapped in a bridge between the physical world (...) and the superphysical world. The concept of intuition has been interpreted together with the teachings of Theosophy and Buddhism and turned into an educational theory in today's art-based studies. In our age, interpretations beyond reality are increasing and unfortunately faced with the danger of losing the ground of reality. Art is a type of knowledge and knowing. Due to this feature, the compatibility of surreal discourses with this type of knowledge is discussed in this article, and on the other hand, it is tried to show how concepts such as synesthesia and intuition become possible on the basis of reality, based on the artistic experiences of world-famous artists. (shrink)

And in this book the distinguished scholar Amartya Sen offers a powerful critique of the theory of social justice that, in its grip on social and political ...

This paper is about three distinct but interrelated problems: (1) the role 0f rights in moral theory, (2) thc characterization 0f agent relative values and their admissibility in consequ<—:ncc—bascd evaluation, and ( 3) the nature 0f moral evaluation 0f states 0f aihirs.

While, in some professions, the gender balance seems to be changing in the direction of equality, the participation of males in early childhood education has not expanded because of stereotypical perceptions of this occupation, low salaries and status, and fear of being accused of sexual abuse. Males may make important contributions to the field of early childhood education as well as female teachers. Male teachers could provide support for children as nurturing adults. It is critical to improve the perceptions about (...) gender?related issues in the profession of early childhood education. This study aimed to explore the perceptions and thoughts of male students. Five main categories were identified: attitudes towards male teacher identity; the advantages and disadvantages of being a male teacher; the future positions of male teachers and their future plans related to their job. The main issue was the identification and perception of early childhood teaching as ?women?s work? (shrink)

This book develops some of the most important themes of Sen's works over the last decade. He argues in a rich and subtle approach that we should be concerned with people's capabilities rather than their resources or welfare.

In the summer of 1997, I was asked by a leading Japanese newspaper what I thought was the most important thing that had happened in the twentieth century. I found this to be an unusually thought-provoking question, since so many things of gravity have happened over the last hundred years. The European empires, especially the British and French ones that had so dominated the nineteenth century, came to an end. We witnessed two world wars. We saw the rise and fall (...) of fascism and Nazism. The century witnessed the rise of communism, and its fall (as in the former Soviet bloc) or radical transformation (as in China). We also saw a shift from the economic dominance of the West to a new economic balance much more dominated by Japan and East and Southeast Asia. Even though that region is going through some financial and economic problems right now, this is not going to nullify the shift in the balance of the world economy that has occurred over many decades (in the case of Japan, through nearly the entire century). The past hundred years are not lacking in important events. (shrink)

Illustrations: 1 B/w Illustration Description: Pranab Kumar Sen, Professor Emeritus, Jadavpur University in whose honour this volume has been prepared was one of the leading philosophers of our country and a highly respected teacher. It carries thirty-five articles which deal with different branches of philosophy,viz., philosophical logic, philosophy of language, ontology, theory of knowledge, Kant exegesis, moral philosophy, social philosophy, philosophy of art. As Sen's philosophical interests and expertise were wide the authors had ample freedom in their choice of topics. (...) This volume will be of interest to those who are acquainted with sophisticated literature in analytic philosophy, scholars working in different branches of philosophy and also general readers of modern philosophy. (shrink)